Detergents are complex chemical products using surfactants (like SLES, LAS) for cleaning, builders (soda ash, phosphates) to soften water, enzymes for stain removal, brighteners, fragrances, and pH adjusters (caustic soda). Key ingredients like Sodium Laureth Sulfate (SLES) and Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate (LAS) create foam and lift dirt, while Soda Ash (Sodium Carbonate) and Caustic Soda (Sodium Hydroxide) provide alkalinity for effective washing.